India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) share a deep-rooted historical, cultural, and economic relationship that has evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership. Since establishing formal relations in 1992 as a sectoral dialogue partner, India’s engagement with ASEAN has significantly expanded, encompassing political, economic, defense, and socio-cultural dimensions. This partnership is guided by India’s Act East Policy, which emphasizes enhanced connectivity, economic cooperation, and security collaboration with Southeast Asian nations.
Evolution
India’s engagement with ASEAN began with its Look East Policy in the early 1990s, aimed at strengthening economic ties with Southeast Asia following India’s economic liberalization. Over the years, this relationship deepened, culminating in India’s inclusion as a full dialogue partner in 1996, followed by participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996 and the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2005. The partnership was elevated to a strategic level in 2012, reinforcing India’s commitment to regional stability and development.
Key Areas of Cooperation
1. Economic Ties : India and ASEAN have established robust trade and investment relations, driven by the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) signed in 2009. Trade between the two regions has steadily increased, with India being ASEAN’s significant trading partner. The focus remains on enhancing supply chain resilience, digital economy collaboration, and boosting connectivity.
2. Security and Defense Collaboration : Given the geopolitical shifts in the Indo-Pacific region, India and ASEAN have intensified maritime security cooperation, counterterrorism efforts, and defense dialogues. The Indian Navy regularly participates in ASEAN-led naval exercises, reinforcing regional security frameworks.
3. Connectivity and Infrastructure Development : Projects such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project aim to strengthen physical connectivity between India and ASEAN nations, promoting economic integration and people to people exchanges.
4. Cultural and People to people Exchanges : India shares strong historical and civilizational ties with ASEAN nations, with Buddhism and Hinduism playing a crucial role in shaping cultural interactions. Various programs, including scholarships, educational collaborations, and tourism initiatives, further enhance cultural affinity.
India’s strategic partnership with ASEAN is a cornerstone of its regional diplomacy, fostering economic growth, security cooperation, and cultural exchange. As global dynamics evolve, India and ASEAN continue to collaborate on shared challenges, reinforcing their commitment to a stable, prosperous, and rules based Indo-Pacific region. The future of this partnership lies in deepening trade, technological collaboration, and sustainable development, ensuring mutual benefits for both regions.
I. Preface
India’s strategic partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a cornerstone of its foreign policy in the Indo-Pacific region. Established in 1967, ASEAN consists of 10 member states: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Over the years, this regional organization has played a pivotal role in shaping the political, economic, and security landscape of Southeast Asia. India’s engagement with ASEAN began in the early 1990s, and the relationship has progressively deepened across various domains. Today, it represents a dynamic and multifaceted partnership, characterized by robust economic cooperation, shared security interests, and cultural linkages.
One of the primary reasons why India’s partnership with ASEAN is so important lies in the geographic and strategic positioning of the region. Southeast Asia serves as a critical gateway between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, a vital crossroads for international trade and maritime security. ASEAN’s collective geopolitical influence in the Indo-Pacific, with its significant economic weight and demographic strength, gives India an important regional partner in promoting regional peace and stability.
India’s engagement with ASEAN is strategically important for several reasons. First, ASEAN is at the heart of India’s “Act East Policy,” a foreign policy initiative aimed at increasing India’s connectivity and cooperation with Southeast Asia. Through this policy, India aims to strengthen its economic and political ties with ASEAN countries, enhancing its presence in the Indo-Pacific region. This has involved increasing trade, investment, and infrastructure linkages, as well as supporting ASEAN-led regional initiatives.
Economically, ASEAN is one of India’s largest trading partners, accounting for a significant share of India’s total trade. The free trade agreements (FTAs) between India and ASEAN have led to an increase in bilateral trade, which reached $100 billion in 2020. Additionally, ASEAN’s economic integration efforts, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), further deepen India’s economic engagement with the region. India benefits from access to ASEAN’s large consumer market, the potential for investment in key sectors, and opportunities for joint ventures in areas such as technology, infrastructure, and energy.
The security dimension of the India ASEAN partnership is equally crucial. As the region faces increasing security challenges, particularly maritime disputes in the South China Sea, terrorism, and regional instability, India has emerged as an important partner for ASEAN in ensuring regional security. India’s participation in ASEAN-led security forums, such as the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), underscores its commitment to contributing to peace and stability in the region. Furthermore, India’s naval presence in the Indo-Pacific and its active participation in multilateral defense dialogues have helped counter regional security threats, ensuring the free and open use of international sea lanes that are vital for global trade.
Cultural and historical ties form another significant aspect of the India ASEAN relationship. India has deep cultural and historical links with Southeast Asia that date back centuries, primarily through trade, Buddhism, and maritime interactions. These cultural bonds have helped forge strong people to people connections, enhancing mutual understanding and respect. Educational exchanges, tourism, and collaborations in the arts and culture further strengthen these ties, contributing to a broader sense of regional identity. In this context, ASEAN nations appreciate India’s rich cultural heritage and its role in promoting cultural diplomacy, which has fostered goodwill and closer cooperation.
The strategic partnership between India and ASEAN plays a vital role in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific region. It promotes not only economic growth but also regional peace, security, and cultural exchange. By deepening its cooperation with ASEAN, India not only strengthens its role as a key player in regional affairs but also contributes to the broader vision of a stable, prosperous, and interconnected Indo-Pacific.
2. Background
India’s relationship with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is deeply rooted in ancient history, spanning trade, cultural exchanges, and shared civilizational links. From time immemorial, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent have been connected through maritime trade routes, which facilitated not only the exchange of goods but also ideas, religion, and culture. India’s influence in Southeast Asia is most visibly seen through the spread of Buddhism, which took root in the region between the 3rd and 5th centuries BCE, and through the Indianized kingdoms that flourished in Southeast Asia, such as Srivijaya in Sumatra, the Khmer Empire, and the Champa Kingdom. These historical connections laid the foundation for enduring cultural and economic ties between the two regions.
Despite the historical connections, it was only in the late 20th century that India formally engaged with ASEAN in the context of modern diplomacy. India’s post-independence foreign policy initially focused on non-alignment and closer ties with the West, as well as its immediate neigh borhood. However, the global political landscape in the 1980s and 1990s underwent a transformation, and India recognized the need to pivot towards Southeast Asia, which had emerged as a key region in the global economic and security framework.
This shift was marked by India’s “Look East Policy” of the early 1990s, which sought to enhance political, economic, and strategic ties with Southeast Asia. The Look East Policy laid the groundwork for India’s diplomatic engagement with ASEAN.
India’s formal diplomatic engagement with ASEAN began in 1992 when it became a Sectoral Dialogue Partner of ASEAN. This marked the first step in what would become a multifaceted and evolving partnership. By becoming a Sectoral Dialogue Partner, India began to participate in ASEAN’s regional dialogue processes and began to interact with ASEAN member states on a wide range of issues, including economic cooperation, political dialogue, and cultural exchanges. In 1996, India’s status was upgraded to that of a full Dialogue Partner, which allowed for deeper engagement in areas such as trade, investment, and security cooperation.
The 2000s saw further deepening of the India ASEAN relationship, culminating in significant milestones. In 2002, the relationship was upgraded to a Summit-level partnership, and the first India ASEAN summit was held, which provided a framework for high-level interactions between leaders of both sides. This move signified a recognition of the growing importance of the India ASEAN relationship and laid the foundation for more structured cooperation in various fields, including trade, security, culture, and people to people linkages.
A landmark event in the development of this partnership came in 2012 when India and ASEAN formally upgraded their relationship to a Strategic Partnership. This step marked the maturity of the relationship and reflected a shared commitment to work together on regional and global issues. The strategic partnership covered a broad range of areas, including security, economic cooperation, connectivity, and cultural exchange, and it marked a clear intent to build a robust and sustainable relationship. This move also coincided with the broader shift in global geopolitics, with ASEAN becoming a central player in the Indo-Pacific region, and India positioning itself as a key partner in maintaining regional stability and promoting economic growth.
A significant element of India’s engagement with ASEAN has been its focus on economic integration, which has been enhanced through the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Signed in 2003 and operationalized in 2010, the FTA has provided a major boost to bilateral trade and investment between India and ASEAN. The agreement has led to the reduction of tariffs on a wide range of goods, creating new opportunities for businesses in both regions.
Additionally, the India ASEAN FTA has contributed to the overall economic integration of the region, aligning with ASEAN’s goal of building a single market and production base. As of 2020, ASEAN is India’s fourth largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $100 billion. The economic ties are also complemented by the growing investment flows, particularly in sectors like technology, infrastructure, and manufacturing.
Beyond trade, India has also focused on enhancing physical connectivity with Southeast Asia through infrastructure projects, which have become a focal point in the partnership. The India ASEAN connectivity initiatives have included projects aimed at improving transport, communication, and energy linkages, both within ASEAN countries and between India and ASEAN. These initiatives include road and rail projects, as well as efforts to increase air connectivity between India and ASEAN capitals. Such connectivity projects are crucial for improving economic and people to people linkages, which in turn reinforce the economic integration of the two regions.
The evolution of India ASEAN relations has been accompanied by growing security cooperation. In particular, both India and ASEAN recognize the importance of safeguarding freedom of navigation in the Indo-Pacific, ensuring that the region remains open, secure, and stable for trade and investment. India’s participation in ASEAN-led security forums, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the East Asia Summit (EAS), has facilitated dialogue on issues of regional security, including counterterrorism, maritime security, and disaster relief cooperation.
The historical evolution of India’s relationship with ASEAN reflects the growing recognition of the strategic importance of Southeast Asia in the broader Indo-Pacific region. From ancient cultural exchanges to modern-day strategic partnerships, India and ASEAN have built a multifaceted and dynamic relationship that is vital for both regions’ prosperity, security, and stability. The deepening of this relationship continues to be a cornerstone of India’s foreign policy in the 21st century.
II. Key Areas of Cooperation
3. Economic Cooperation
Economic cooperation between India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has evolved into one of the strongest pillars of their strategic partnership, facilitating robust trade and investment flows. This economic collaboration is primarily anchored in the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which has played a pivotal role in reducing trade barriers and creating opportunities for deeper economic integration between the two regions. In 2022, bilateral trade between India and ASEAN exceeded $110 billion, and both sides have set an ambitious target to increase this figure to $200 billion by 2025. This growth trajectory reflects the mutual benefits both India and ASEAN derive from their economic partnership and the potential for further cooperation in the years ahead.
The India ASEAN FTA, signed in 2003 and operationalized in 2010, forms the foundation of their trade relationship. The agreement covers a wide range of sectors, including goods, services, and investment. It has facilitated the reduction of tariffs on various products, thereby opening new markets for businesses in both regions. ASEAN has become one of India’s largest trading partners, and India is a key market for ASEAN countries, particularly in sectors such as electronics, machinery, textiles, and chemicals.
At the same time, India’s export of goods such as agricultural products, pharmaceuticals, and software services has found a growing demand in ASEAN countries. The FTA has also encouraged greater economic diversification, as both India and ASEAN look beyond traditional trade and investment sectors to foster innovation, technology exchange, and new business opportunities.
One of the notable features of this economic cooperation is the growing flow of investment between India and ASEAN countries. ASEAN has emerged as an important source of foreign direct investment (FDI) into India, especially in sectors such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and services. Conversely, India has also become an increasingly attractive destination for ASEAN investments, particularly in technology, IT services, and renewable energy. Companies from countries like Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand have invested in India’s growing startup ecosystem, while Indian firms are establishing a significant presence in ASEAN markets, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, IT, and automotive.
To further enhance economic connectivity, India and ASEAN have launched several initiatives aimed at improving physical infrastructure and trade logistics. A key project in this regard is the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, which is designed to link India’s northeastern states with ASEAN countries via Myanmar and Thailand. This highway aims to facilitate the seamless movement of goods and people across borders, thereby boosting trade and economic interactions between India and ASEAN countries. The trilateral highway will also improve regional connectivity, linking India to Southeast Asia and creating new opportunities for collaboration in tourism, business, and infrastructure development.
In addition to these regional connectivity projects, India’s participation in broader multilateral economic initiatives such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) reflects its ongoing commitment to deepening its economic ties with ASEAN. RCEP, which is the world’s largest trade agreement encompassing 15 Asia-Pacific countries, including all 10 ASEAN members, aims to lower trade barriers and promote greater economic integration across the region.
Although India chose not to sign the RCEP agreement in 2020, citing concerns over market access and the protection of certain sectors, its active participation in the negotiations demonstrated its intention to engage with ASEAN and other regional powers on trade and economic issues. India’s decision to stay engaged in regional trade discussions, even without signing the agreement, underscores the importance it places on strengthening economic ties with Southeast Asia.
Beyond trade agreements, India and ASEAN have also explored collaboration in key sectors such as digital economy, innovation, and green growth. Both regions have recognized the potential for mutual growth in the digital space, particularly in areas like e-commerce, fintech, and information technology services. India, with its thriving IT industry and digital infrastructure, stands to benefit from ASEAN’s increasing focus on technological innovation. At the same time, India can offer expertise in areas like Cyber security, smart cities, and mobile technology, contributing to ASEAN’s digital transformation efforts.
The focus on sustainable growth and green technologies is also an area where India and ASEAN are increasingly cooperating. Both regions face challenges related to climate change, pollution, and energy sustainability. India’s expertise in renewable energy, particularly solar power, offers significant opportunities for collaboration with ASEAN countries looking to transition to cleaner energy sources. The ongoing efforts to expand clean energy infrastructure, coupled with India’s growing investments in green technology, align with ASEAN’s regional goals of promoting low-carbon economies and sustainable development.
Despite the successes and opportunities, there are still challenges in realizing the full potential of economic cooperation between India and ASEAN. Trade barriers, varying levels of economic development among ASEAN countries, and infrastructure bottlenecks remain obstacles to more seamless integration. The ongoing efforts to enhance connectivity, simplify customs procedures, and reduce non-tariff barriers are essential to overcoming these challenges. Additionally, both regions must focus on ensuring that the benefits of economic cooperation are equitably distributed, particularly in terms of regional integration and inclusive growth.
Economic cooperation between India and ASEAN has reached significant milestones, with trade, investment, and infrastructure development playing central roles in the partnership’s success. The India ASEAN FTA and key connectivity projects such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway have provided a strong foundation for growth. While challenges remain, the ambition to reach $200 billion in bilateral trade by 2025 highlights the mutual commitment to expanding economic ties. As both regions look to the future, cooperation in digital economy, green technologies, and sustainable development will likely emerge as new frontiers for deeper collaboration.
4. Security Cooperation
Security cooperation between India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has become a cornerstone of their strategic partnership, particularly as both regions face growing security challenges in the Indo-Pacific. From counter-terrorism to maritime security, the two sides have worked closely to address common threats and ensure stability in the region. With the Indo-Pacific becoming a focal point for global geopolitical dynamics, India’s relationship with ASEAN on security matters reflects a shared commitment to maintaining a free, open, and inclusive regional order.
One of the primary areas of security cooperation between India and ASEAN is counter-terrorism. Both regions face significant threats from transnational terrorism, and there is a mutual recognition that these challenges require collective action. India and ASEAN have held regular discussions on enhancing intelligence sharing, strengthening law enforcement cooperation, and countering extremist ideologies. Joint initiatives to combat terrorism include capacity-building programs, seminars, and technical exchanges on improving border security and combating financial terrorism. ASEAN’s Comprehensive Plan of Action on Counter-Terrorism and India’s own initiatives on regional security cooperation, particularly through its support for frameworks like the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), have helped establish a common platform for addressing these issues.
Another key area of collaboration is Cyber security, an issue of growing concern for both India and ASEAN as digital economies and internet connectivity expand. The cyber threat landscape is increasingly complex, encompassing everything from cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure to cyber-espionage and cybercrime. Both India and ASEAN have recognized the importance of strengthening Cyber security frameworks to safeguard their economies and national security. As part of their collaboration, both sides have focused on enhancing cyber capacity-building, developing norms for responsible behavior in cyberspace, and improving resilience against cyber threats. India has been actively involved in capacity-building initiatives for ASEAN member states, sharing its expertise in Cyber security governance and the protection of critical information infrastructure.
Maritime security is another critical aspect of India ASEAN security cooperation. As two regions located along the vital sea lanes of the Indo-Pacific, both India and ASEAN are deeply concerned about the safety and security of these waterways, which are essential for global trade and regional prosperity. India’s maritime security vision aligns with ASEAN’s interests, particularly in ensuring freedom of navigation in the South China Sea and other key maritime routes.
India’s active participation in joint maritime exercises with ASEAN countries, such as the SIMBEX (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise), reflects the growing defense ties between the two sides. These exercises enhance interoperability between Indian and ASEAN naval forces, focusing on a range of maritime security issues, including anti-piracy operations, disaster response, and humanitarian assistance. The SIMBEX exercises, held annually since 1994, are a testament to the growing trust and collaboration between India and ASEAN in securing the Indo-Pacific maritime domain.
In addition to bilateral maritime exercises, India is also a key participant in regional multilateral defense mechanisms, most notably the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus). This platform, which includes ASEAN member states and eight other countries (India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Russia), serves as a vital forum for dialogue and cooperation on defense and security issues in the region.
India’s participation in the ADMM-Plus reflects its commitment to regional security and its recognition of the importance of multilateralism in addressing security challenges in the Indo-Pacific. The ADMM-Plus focuses on various aspects of defense cooperation, including peacekeeping, disaster relief, maritime security, and counter-terrorism. India has been an active participant in these discussions, contributing to the development of practical cooperation mechanisms that benefit both India and ASEAN member states.
India’s growing defense cooperation with ASEAN is also reflected in the increasing number of defense exchanges and military training programs between the two sides. These exchanges help foster mutual understanding, enhance strategic trust, and ensure that the armed forces of both regions are well-prepared to respond to emerging security challenges. Additionally, India has made significant contributions to regional peacekeeping missions, often in partnership with ASEAN countries, providing humanitarian aid, disaster relief, and technical expertise in post-conflict reconstruction.
A major element of India’s security cooperation with ASEAN is its support for the ASEAN-led Indo-Pacific concept. This concept, which advocates for a free, open, inclusive, and rules based order in the Indo-Pacific, aligns closely with India’s own vision for the region. India and ASEAN share a commitment to upholding international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in addressing issues such as maritime disputes, territorial claims, and the freedom of navigation. By supporting the ASEAN-led Indo-Pacific framework, India aims to foster a peaceful and stable environment in the region, ensuring that all countries, regardless of size or power, can coexist peacefully and prosper.
India and ASEAN also work together to counter non-traditional security threats such as piracy, human trafficking, and regional conflicts. Both regions have recognized the importance of multilateral cooperation in addressing these challenges, given their transnational nature. In particular, piracy in the Strait of Malacca and the surrounding waters has been a long standing concern for both India and ASEAN, as it disrupts international trade and threatens the safety of seafarers. Collaborative efforts to combat piracy have included joint naval patrols, the establishment of information-sharing mechanisms, and capacity-building programs for ASEAN countries in maritime law enforcement.
The partnership between India and ASEAN also extends to peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction efforts. Both regions have contributed personnel and resources to UN peacekeeping missions, helping maintain peace in conflict zones around the world. In this regard, India’s experience in peacekeeping, coupled with ASEAN’s emphasis on regional stability and conflict resolution, provides a strong foundation for further collaboration in addressing global security challenges.
Security cooperation between India and ASEAN is a multifaceted and evolving partnership that addresses a wide range of regional and global security challenges. From counter-terrorism and cyber security to maritime security and defense collaboration, the two sides have worked closely to ensure a stable and secure Indo-Pacific region. The growing defense ties, as seen through joint military exercises, participation in multilateral forums, and shared commitments to regional security frameworks, highlight the strength of India ASEAN cooperation in safeguarding peace and stability in the region. As both regions continue to face new and emerging security threats, their partnership will undoubtedly play an even more vital role in shaping the future of Indo-Pacific security.
5. Cultural and People to people Ties
Cultural and people to people exchanges are vital components of the India ASEAN relationship, providing a deeper connection beyond economic and political cooperation. These cultural ties not only strengthen diplomatic relations but also foster mutual understanding, respect, and long term friendship between the people of India and ASEAN countries. From educational collaborations and historical linkages to tourism and festivals, the cultural and people to people interactions between India and ASEAN are rich and multifaceted, reflecting the shared heritage and values of the two regions.
One of the most significant initiatives in this regard is the revival of the Nalanda University project, which aims to be a center of excellence for Asian studies and promote deeper intellectual exchanges between India and ASEAN. The Nalanda University, which traces its origins to the ancient Nalanda University in Bihar, India, was an important hub for Buddhist learning and intellectual dialogue in the ancient world. The modern initiative to revive this ancient institution, with participation from ASEAN countries and other global partners, is a testament to the shared historical and cultural ties between India and Southeast Asia.
The university offers a platform for scholars, students, and researchers to explore subjects ranging from history and philosophy to social sciences and environmental sustainability. Its role as a hub for intellectual collaboration fosters mutual understanding and contributes to building stronger ties between India and ASEAN.
In addition to educational initiatives, India and ASEAN have worked together to promote cultural and religious exchanges, particularly through Buddhism and Hinduism, which have deep historical roots in the region. Both religions have shaped the cultural landscapes of Southeast Asia, with ASEAN countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam having strong historical and spiritual connections to India. Buddhist heritage sites such as Bodh Gaya in India, where it is believed that Lord Buddha attained enlightenment, attract pilgrims and tourists from ASEAN countries, further cementing the cultural bond between the regions.
Similarly, Hindu heritage, evident in ancient temples such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the Prambanan temple in Indonesia, continues to be a living testament to the enduring influence of Indian culture and religion in Southeast Asia. Through these shared cultural assets, both regions engage in dialogue, exchange, and mutual respect, enriching their relationships with a deeper sense of heritage.
Educational cooperation plays a crucial role in strengthening cultural ties, and scholarships for ASEAN students are an essential part of this effort. The Indian government and several educational institutions offer scholarships to students from ASEAN countries to study in India, particularly in fields like science, technology, engineering, medicine, and humanities. These scholarships not only provide ASEAN students with opportunities for high-quality education but also create lasting relationships and networks between the students and Indian academia. Many of these students return to their home countries, becoming ambassadors of India and promoting deeper cultural ties. Additionally, India’s soft power, through educational exchanges and cultural diplomacy, has allowed it to foster goodwill among the ASEAN nations, further enhancing mutual understanding and collaboration.
Tourism has also emerged as an essential avenue for cultural exchange, with ASEAN countries serving as prominent destinations for Indian travelers and vice versa. India’s rich cultural, historical, and natural heritage attracts a large number of ASEAN tourists, particularly to iconic destinations such as the Taj Mahal, Jaipur, Kerala, and Varanasi. Likewise, Southeast Asia’s diverse offerings, from the beaches of Thailand and Bali to the temples of Cambodia and Myanmar, are popular among Indian tourists.
The ease of connectivity, with increasing air travel links between India and ASEAN countries, has further fueled tourism. In addition to being a major economic driver, tourism promotes people to people contact, allowing individuals from both regions to learn about each other’s cultures, traditions, and ways of life.
Festivals and cultural events are another significant facet of India ASEAN cultural relations. Both regions celebrate their rich cultural diversity through festivals, trade fairs, and performances that showcase art, music, dance, and literature. Events like the India ASEAN Cultural Festival, which features traditional performances, culinary experiences, and art exhibitions, provide opportunities for people from both regions to come together and celebrate shared traditions and practices.
Indian festivals such as Diwali, Holi, and Navratri are increasingly celebrated in ASEAN countries, particularly in countries with significant Indian diaspora communities like Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. In turn, ASEAN festivals, such as Songkran in Thailand or Tet in Vietnam, are increasingly celebrated in India, where a growing interest in Southeast Asian culture is evident among both the public and Indian tourists.
Film exchanges also play a critical role in strengthening cultural ties. The Indian film industry, particularly Bollywood, has a significant following across ASEAN countries, contributing to cultural diplomacy. Indian movies and TV shows are widely watched in Southeast Asia, and many ASEAN countries actively participate in Indian film festivals and events. Conversely, Indian audiences have shown a growing interest in ASEAN cinema, which offers unique cultural insights and artistic expressions. Film festivals, joint productions, and collaborations between Indian and ASEAN filmmakers further enhance cultural ties, helping to break down stereotypes and build mutual understanding. These exchanges provide opportunities for both regions to celebrate their diverse storytelling traditions and artistic achievements.
In addition to these formal channels of exchange, social media and digital platforms have significantly expanded the scope of people to people connectivity. Young people in India and ASEAN countries are increasingly engaging with each other through digital platforms, sharing content related to food, fashion, travel, and cultural experiences. This virtual exchange has further bridged the gap between the regions, creating a more interconnected world where cultural boundaries are becoming increasingly fluid.
Cultural and people to people ties between India and ASEAN are vital in fostering mutual understanding, enhancing diplomatic relations, and building long term cooperation. The Nalanda University initiative, educational scholarships, shared religious heritage, and tourism all contribute to the rich cultural fabric that binds these two regions. Festivals, trade fairs, and film exchanges further enhance cultural connectivity, while digital platforms provide new avenues for engagement. As both India and ASEAN continue to nurture these cultural ties, they lay the foundation for deeper, more enduring relations that transcend political and economic cooperation, fostering a truly people-centric partnership.
III. Significance India’s Strategic Partnership with ASEAN
6. Geopolitical Context
India’s engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is deeply intertwined with the evolving geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific region. In an era marked by rising regional and global challenges, India’s partnership with ASEAN has become increasingly significant. With the growing assertiveness of China in the South China Sea, shifting power dynamics, and the rise of new security concerns, India’s role in this region is crucial for maintaining a rules based international order, regional security, and economic stability. India’s active engagement with ASEAN countries reflects its commitment to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, ensuring that no single power dominates the region.
One of the most pressing geopolitical challenges that has shaped India’s relationship with ASEAN is the rising assertiveness of China, particularly in the South China Sea. China’s territorial claims, marked by the construction of artificial islands and military installations, have sparked tensions not only with ASEAN countries but also with global powers. These disputes over the South China Sea, which is a vital global trade route and resource-rich area, have created significant security concerns for both ASEAN members and India.
As an advocate of international law, India has consistently emphasized the importance of upholding the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to resolve territorial disputes peacefully and diplomatically. India has voiced its strong opposition to any unilateral actions that undermine regional stability and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea.
India’s stance on the South China Sea aligns with ASEAN’s position on the issue. India and ASEAN share a common interest in ensuring the region remains free from coercion and in protecting the principles of freedom of navigation and overflight. In this regard, India has regularly expressed solidarity with ASEAN members in their pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the South China Sea disputes. Additionally, India’s active participation in the ASEAN-led forums such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the East Asia Summit (EAS) has helped strengthen the collective voice of ASEAN and its partners in addressing the security challenges posed by China’s assertive behavior.
Another key geopolitical factor that shapes India’s engagement with ASEAN is the Indo-Pacific region’s growing strategic importance. The Indo-Pacific has emerged as the epicenter of global power politics, with major powers such as the United States, China, and Japan increasing their focus on the region. As the world’s largest democracy and an emerging global power, India has increasingly sought to assert its role in the Indo-Pacific’s evolving geopolitical framework. India’s vision for the Indo-Pacific is grounded in the principles of inclusivity, openness, and respect for international law. This vision is aligned with ASEAN’s outlook on the region and has paved the way for deeper collaboration between India and ASEAN in ensuring regional security and stability.
India’s growing naval capabilities and strategic partnerships with ASEAN nations are key to maintaining a regional balance of power. As a major maritime power, India has invested heavily in strengthening its naval forces, recognizing the strategic importance of securing vital sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) that pass through the Indo-Pacific. India’s naval presence in the region has been enhanced through joint naval exercises, such as the SIMBEX (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise) and the Malabar Exercise (involving India, the United States, and Japan), which promote maritime security and cooperation with ASEAN nations.
These exercises focus on enhancing maritime security, countering piracy, disaster relief, and ensuring the safety of vital sea lanes. Through these activities, India not only strengthens its own maritime capabilities but also contributes to ASEAN’s collective security.
In addition to enhancing naval cooperation, India has pursued strategic partnerships with ASEAN members through bilateral and multilateral engagements. The India ASEAN Strategic Partnership, formalized in 2012, has resulted in a number of initiatives aimed at strengthening regional security. These initiatives include joint defense cooperation agreements, enhanced intelligence-sharing mechanisms, and capacity-building programs for ASEAN countries in areas such as cyber security, counter-terrorism, and disaster management. India’s participation in the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus), a platform for dialogue on regional security issues, underscores its commitment to working collaboratively with ASEAN to address common security challenges.
Furthermore, India’s role in promoting economic stability in the Indo-Pacific is another vital aspect of its geopolitical engagement with ASEAN. The region’s economic integration and stability are critical to its long term prosperity, and India has sought to play an active role in promoting regional economic cooperation. The India ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a cornerstone of this economic collaboration, facilitating trade and investment between India and ASEAN members.
By strengthening its economic ties with ASEAN, India contributes to regional economic stability, which, in turn, supports security and peace in the Indo-Pacific. India’s participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations, despite opting not to sign the agreement, reflects its broader commitment to engaging in regional economic architecture and ensuring the region’s economic stability.
The geopolitical context also necessitates India’s active participation in the larger global security architecture. As a member of the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) alongside the United States, Japan, and Australia, India has been a strong advocate for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. The Quad has emerged as an important mechanism for addressing regional security challenges, and India’s strategic partnership with ASEAN countries plays a critical role in strengthening this multilateral framework. The Quad’s emphasis on maintaining a rules based international order and countering security threats such as terrorism, cyber-attacks, and maritime piracy aligns closely with India’s broader geopolitical objectives.
India’s engagement with ASEAN also helps counter the growing influence of China in the region. By deepening its diplomatic, security, and economic ties with ASEAN, India provides ASEAN countries with a viable alternative to Chinese dominance. India’s strategic role in the region is particularly significant for ASEAN countries that seek to balance the growing influence of China without becoming overly dependent on any single power. India’s commitment to regional security, freedom of navigation, and peaceful dispute resolution aligns with ASEAN’s long term goals of maintaining regional autonomy and stability.
India’s engagement with ASEAN is increasingly important in the context of the complex and evolving geopolitical challenges in the Indo-Pacific. From countering China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea to maintaining regional stability and economic security, India’s active involvement in ASEAN reflects its strategic priorities in the region. Through strengthened naval capabilities, strategic partnerships, and multilateral cooperation, India is playing a key role in ensuring that the Indo-Pacific remains a free, open, and inclusive region for all. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, India’s engagement with ASEAN will remain a vital component of the broader security and stability of the Indo-Pacific.
7. India’s Act East Policy
India’s Act East Policy, launched in 2014, marks a significant shift in the country’s foreign policy orientation towards East Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific region. This policy aims to deepen India’s political, economic, and strategic ties with the ten ASEAN nations and beyond, focusing on enhancing connectivity, promoting trade, and strengthening security cooperation. India’s Act East Policy is not only a natural extension of its historical and cultural ties with ASEAN but also a proactive response to the evolving geopolitical and economic landscape in the Indo-Pacific. The policy emphasizes India’s commitment to regional development, security, and prosperity, with specific initiatives designed to improve infrastructure, foster economic integration, and ensure peace and stability in the region.
One of the key objectives of the Act East Policy is to enhance India’s connectivity with ASEAN and East Asian countries, which is seen as essential for boosting trade and investment. Connectivity projects are critical to facilitating the free flow of goods, services, and people across the region. India has invested in several significant infrastructure initiatives to improve connectivity, such as the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project and the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) initiative. These projects not only demonstrate India’s strategic vision for enhancing connectivity but also highlight the country’s commitment to fostering regional cooperation for mutual benefit.
The Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project, for instance, is a vital connectivity initiative designed to improve trade between India’s northeastern states and Myanmar, and subsequently, to the broader Southeast Asian markets. The project, which combines road, river, and sea routes, provides India with a direct link to the Bay of Bengal and opens up crucial access to the ASEAN region. By establishing seamless transit routes, the Kaladan project is poised to bolster India’s economic ties with Myanmar and, by extension, ASEAN countries. It also facilitates greater trade in goods, such as agricultural products and industrial supplies, by reducing logistical costs and increasing efficiency.
Additionally, the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) initiative reflects India’s recognition of the importance of fostering closer links with ASEAN countries in mainland Southeast Asia, particularly with Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Through the MGC framework, India aims to enhance cooperation in sectors like tourism, culture, education, and trade. The initiative promotes cultural exchanges, tourism, and capacity building while also exploring trade and infrastructure projects that can drive regional economic development. India’s efforts in promoting cultural diplomacy, such as the annual Mekong-Ganga Cooperation meeting, help strengthen ties with these countries and further integrate them into the regional economic and cultural landscape.
Economic collaboration is another pillar of the Act East Policy. By focusing on trade and investment, India seeks to strengthen its economic ties with ASEAN, positioning itself as a key partner in regional growth and development. Bilateral trade between India and ASEAN has been steadily growing, surpassing $110 billion in 2022, with an ambitious goal of reaching $200 billion by 2025. India’s efforts to engage with ASEAN economically are visible through initiatives such as the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which promotes tariff reduction and encourages the flow of goods, services, and investments between India and ASEAN.
Additionally, India’s participation in various regional trade initiatives, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations (even though India opted not to sign the agreement), underscores its commitment to regional economic integration.
The Act East Policy also places a strong emphasis on security cooperation, especially given the strategic significance of the Indo-Pacific region. As China’s increasing assertiveness in the South China Sea and other areas has raised concerns across the region, India’s involvement in ASEAN’s security framework has been pivotal. India has strengthened its security cooperation with ASEAN countries in a variety of ways, such as through joint defense exercises, counter-terrorism collaborations, and maritime security initiatives.
The SIMBEX (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise) and India’s participation in the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) are examples of how India is actively contributing to regional security efforts. India’s robust naval capabilities and strategic location in the Indian Ocean give it a unique role in ensuring the security of sea lanes and promoting maritime peace in the Indo-Pacific.
One of the notable aspects of the Act East Policy is its focus on people to people ties. This dimension of India’s engagement with ASEAN includes educational exchanges, cultural diplomacy, and promoting tourism. The Nalanda University initiative, which is part of India’s broader cultural diplomacy, offers opportunities for students and scholars from ASEAN countries to engage with India on various academic and cultural matters.
Furthermore, scholarships for ASEAN students to study in India and the promotion of Indian culture, including through the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), foster greater understanding and goodwill between the people of India and Southeast Asia. This people to people connection is vital in sustaining long term diplomatic and strategic relationships, as it encourages a deeper appreciation of each other’s cultures and values.
Moreover, tourism has emerged as a significant area of collaboration. ASEAN countries are major destinations for Indian tourists, while India also attracts a growing number of visitors from ASEAN, particularly to cultural heritage sites such as the Taj Mahal and Buddhist pilgrimage sites. The Indian government has actively promoted tourism as a means to enhance mutual understanding and economic growth, with both regions benefiting from increased tourism exchanges.
The Act East Policy is a multidimensional approach that integrates India’s historical, cultural, and geopolitical ties with ASEAN. By focusing on connectivity, trade, security, and people to people exchanges, India seeks to enhance its presence in the region and strengthen its role as a key regional and global player. The policy has proven to be a strategic asset, fostering deeper and more comprehensive engagement between India and ASEAN while also contributing to the stability, prosperity, and security of the Indo-Pacific region.
As India continues to implement this policy, it will likely play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of Southeast Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific, ensuring that India remains an active, influential, and positive force in the region’s growth and development.
8. ASEAN’s Role in India’s Foreign Policy
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) occupies a central role in shaping India’s foreign policy, particularly in the context of its “Act East Policy” and broader aspirations for regional and global influence. As one of the world’s most dynamic and strategically important regional organizations, ASEAN serves as a bridge connecting South and Southeast Asia, enabling India to enhance its diplomatic, economic, and security engagements across the Indo-Pacific region. India’s deepening relationship with ASEAN is based on shared interests in regional stability, economic prosperity, and a rules based international order. Through its membership in various ASEAN-led frameworks, India has committed to multilateral diplomacy and fostering cooperation to address the complex challenges of the 21st century.
At the heart of India’s engagement with ASEAN lies a strong desire to integrate more deeply with the broader Southeast Asian region, given its economic dynamism and strategic importance in the Indo-Pacific. ASEAN comprises ten countries, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which collectively form a powerful bloc in global affairs. As the world’s sixth-largest economy and a growing regional power, India has identified ASEAN as a key partner in its quest for greater global influence and prosperity. India’s geographical location, bridging South Asia with Southeast Asia, makes ASEAN an indispensable part of its regional security and economic architecture.
A significant manifestation of ASEAN’s role in India’s foreign policy is India’s membership in ASEAN-led regional frameworks, which are vital to multilateral diplomacy and fostering regional stability. These frameworks include the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). India’s participation in these bodies underscores its commitment to multilateralism and a cooperative approach to regional issues such as security, trade, and environmental sustainability.
The East Asia Summit (EAS) is one of the most prominent multilateral platforms in the Asia-Pacific region, comprising 18 countries including ASEAN members and key global powers such as the United States, China, Japan, Russia, and Australia. Through the EAS, India has consistently engaged with ASEAN and other regional players to discuss and resolve pressing geopolitical, economic, and security challenges. India’s active participation in the EAS enables it to advocate for its vision of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, which is central to its foreign policy. The EAS serves as a forum for dialogue on strategic issues such as counter-terrorism, maritime security, regional trade, and climate change, issues that resonate strongly with India’s own national interests.
Similarly, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) provides a platform for dialogue on regional security issues. This multilateral forum brings together 27 countries, including ASEAN members and key international powers, to discuss issues of peace and security in the region. India’s membership in the ARF aligns with its broader strategic goals of promoting peace, stability, and conflict resolution in the Indo-Pacific.
India’s engagement with ASEAN through the ARF allows it to cooperate on a range of issues, from non-traditional security challenges such as cyber threats and natural disasters to traditional security concerns like maritime security and defense cooperation. Through the ARF, India contributes to creating a collective security architecture in the region, helping to ensure that disputes are resolved through dialogue rather than confrontation.
ASEAN’s role in India’s foreign policy also extends to enhancing bilateral and multilateral economic ties. The India ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a key economic initiative that strengthens India’s trade relationship with ASEAN countries, facilitating greater market access, reduced tariffs, and improved investment flows. As of 2022, bilateral trade between India and ASEAN exceeded $110 billion, and both parties have set a target to reach $200 billion by 2025.
Through initiatives such as the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and other regional trade mechanisms, ASEAN plays a crucial role in India’s strategy of increasing its economic footprint in the Indo-Pacific. India’s active involvement in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations, although it opted out of the final agreement, reflects India’s deep interest in fostering stronger economic linkages with ASEAN and the wider region.
Beyond trade, ASEAN has been instrumental in providing India with a strategic gateway to the wider Indo-Pacific region. This economic and strategic integration has been critical for India, as it seeks to expand its influence in an era of shifting global power dynamics. The region’s significance is amplified by its growing importance as a global manufacturing hub, a center of trade, and a key player in global supply chains. For India, having a strong relationship with ASEAN is an essential part of its broader ambition to position itself as a central player in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
India’s engagement with ASEAN is not limited to trade and security; it also extends to people to people connections and cultural exchanges. ASEAN countries and India share centuries of historical, cultural, and religious ties, particularly through the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism across the region. Initiatives like the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation and the Nalanda University Project have sought to deepen India’s cultural ties with Southeast Asia, which in turn fosters mutual understanding and trust.
People to people connections, such as educational exchanges and tourism, further strengthen the relationship between India and ASEAN countries. India’s support for scholarships for ASEAN students to study in India and the promotion of its rich cultural heritage in Southeast Asia contribute to nurturing long term diplomatic relations based on mutual respect.
Moreover, ASEAN plays a pivotal role in helping India balance its strategic interests with those of other major global powers, particularly China. The rise of China and its assertiveness in the South China Sea and across the Indo-Pacific has necessitated stronger multilateral engagements in the region. India’s strategic partnership with ASEAN allows it to counterbalance China’s influence while advocating for a rules based international order and promoting regional stability. ASEAN countries, too, value India’s independent and constructive approach to regional security and its emphasis on multilateralism, which complements their own desire for a stable and prosperous region.
ASEAN occupies a crucial position in India’s foreign policy due to its strategic, economic, and cultural importance. Through its active participation in ASEAN-led frameworks such as the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Regional Forum, India not only enhances its regional presence but also contributes to shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific. ASEAN’s role as a partner in trade, security, and people to people exchanges makes it a vital pillar in India’s broader foreign policy, facilitating deeper regional cooperation and ensuring peace, prosperity, and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. As India continues to rise as a global power, ASEAN will remain an indispensable partner in realizing its vision of a peaceful and prosperous Indo-Pacific.
IV. Challenges and Opportunities
9. Challenges
While the relationship between India and ASEAN has flourished in recent years, it is not without its challenges. Despite the numerous avenues of cooperation, both regions face several issues that hinder the potential for deeper integration in terms of trade, security, and infrastructure. These challenges range from economic imbalances and bureaucratic hurdles to pressing security concerns like terrorism and maritime disputes. Addressing these issues will require sustained collaboration, innovation, and political will from both sides to maintain the momentum of this important partnership.
Trade Imbalances and Non-Tariff Barriers
One of the primary challenges in the India ASEAN relationship is the trade imbalance. Despite the growing volume of trade, ASEAN has a large trade surplus with India. India imports a wide variety of products from ASEAN, including electronics, petroleum products, and machinery, while its exports to the region are less diversified and more limited in terms of value-added goods. This imbalance is partially due to structural factors such as differences in industrial capabilities, the high costs of Indian exports, and competition from other global suppliers.
Moreover, non-tariff barriers (NTBs) continue to hamper trade between India and ASEAN countries. While tariffs have been reduced under the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA), NTBs such as complex customs procedures, regulations, and quality standards persist, affecting the flow of goods and services. For instance, India faces challenges in accessing ASEAN markets for agricultural products due to stringent phytosanitary regulations and product standards. Similarly, the presence of inconsistent rules and regulations in different ASEAN countries can create logistical challenges for businesses trying to engage in cross-border trade.
The lack of a seamless regulatory framework between India and ASEAN countries also exacerbates these issues. The absence of mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for professional qualifications and limited cooperation on standards and certifications further complicates trade. This necessitates enhanced cooperation in these areas to unlock the full potential of the India ASEAN economic partnership.
Infrastructure Bottlenecks and Connectivity Issues
Infrastructure bottlenecks remain another significant obstacle to deeper integration between India and ASEAN. Although both sides have prioritized improving connectivity through initiatives such as the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project and the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation initiative, the pace of infrastructure development remains slow. The long delays in infrastructure projects, particularly in India’s northeastern states, are caused by various factors, including political challenges, funding constraints, and land acquisition issues. In addition, inadequate transport links, particularly road, rail, and port infrastructure, hinder seamless connectivity between India and ASEAN countries.
The Kaladan Multimodal Project, a flagship project aimed at linking India’s northeastern states to Myanmar and the broader Southeast Asian region, has faced delays in construction, primarily due to local political complexities and funding issues. Similarly, other connectivity initiatives, such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, have also encountered delays in terms of road construction, maintenance, and coordination among different stakeholders. Without improvements in these areas, the movement of goods, people, and services will remain inefficient, limiting the full economic potential of India’s engagement with ASEAN.
Security Threats: Terrorism, Cybercrime, and Maritime Disputes
On the security front, both India and ASEAN face shared threats that require collaborative solutions. Terrorism remains a significant concern, particularly in the context of transnational terrorist organizations operating across the region. Terrorist activities in South Asia, particularly in India’s immediate neighborhood, have ripple effects on ASEAN countries. The rise of extremist ideologies, radicalization, and cross-border terrorism remain persistent threats that require closer counter-terrorism cooperation.
Furthermore, the rise of cybercrime poses an increasing risk to both India and ASEAN. The growing use of digital platforms and technologies has opened up new vulnerabilities in the region. Both India and ASEAN countries have experienced cyber attacks targeting critical infrastructure, government institutions, and private sector entities. Cyber security cooperation remains an area where both sides must enhance their capabilities, share intelligence, and establish stronger frameworks to protect against evolving digital threats.
The region’s maritime security is also a major concern, particularly in the South China Sea, where competing territorial claims, especially by China, continue to create tensions. India’s maritime interests, especially its energy imports from the region, are increasingly at risk due to these disputes. ASEAN, with its shared interest in maintaining freedom of navigation and adhering to international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), plays an essential role in helping India ensure maritime security. However, resolving these disputes and ensuring the peaceful use of maritime resources require sustained diplomatic efforts, as well as joint naval exercises and security collaborations.
Bureaucratic and Political Hurdles
Another significant challenge to deeper integration between India and ASEAN lies in the bureaucratic hurdles that slow the pace of decision-making and implementation of policies. Both India and ASEAN countries often face delays in the implementation of agreements, largely due to the complex bureaucratic processes involved. These hurdles are compounded by varying political priorities among ASEAN member states, which may not always align with India’s policy objectives. The lack of efficient coordination between multiple ministries, departments, and stakeholders can lead to delays in the execution of key initiatives and disrupt the momentum of collaboration.
In India, internal political considerations, particularly the decentralized nature of governance and regional disparities, can slow down the implementation of infrastructure and trade agreements that benefit ASEAN cooperation. Similarly, in ASEAN countries, divergent national interests can make it challenging to implement region-wide policies quickly.
Despite these challenges, the India ASEAN relationship remains a key pillar of India’s foreign policy in the Indo-Pacific region. Overcoming these hurdles will require continued engagement, flexibility, and long term commitment from both India and ASEAN nations. The regions must work together to streamline trade regulations, enhance infrastructure connectivity, and bolster security cooperation. By addressing these issues collaboratively, India and ASEAN can ensure that their partnership continues to grow and contribute to regional peace, stability, and prosperity in the years to come.
10. Opportunities
The partnership between India and ASEAN holds immense potential for growth, with a wide array of opportunities spanning across trade, infrastructure, security, and technology. Both regions, with their complementary strengths, are poised to benefit from deepening cooperation in various emerging sectors. India’s growing economic stature and ASEAN’s dynamic, rapidly evolving markets provide a solid foundation for mutual benefit. By tapping into the full spectrum of collaborative possibilities, India and ASEAN can not only strengthen their bilateral relationship but also play an instrumental role in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific region.
Expanding Trade Through Digital Economy Initiatives
One of the most promising areas for India ASEAN cooperation is the digital economy. The global digital transformation is reshaping economies, and both India and ASEAN have recognized the importance of tapping into this growth sector. India’s thriving information technology (IT) industry and ASEAN’s rapidly growing digital infrastructure present ample opportunities for collaboration. Digital trade, e-commerce, fintech, and blockchain technologies are opening new frontiers for trade and business.
India has a strong base in IT services, software development, and digital infrastructure, while ASEAN countries, especially Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, are increasingly becoming key players in the digital space. Expanding e-commerce links, improving digital payment systems, and enhancing data connectivity between India and ASEAN can reduce transaction costs and facilitate smoother cross-border trade. The development of digital platforms for trade, finance, and services will not only boost economic exchanges but also encourage small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in both regions to explore new markets.
Furthermore, Cyber security cooperation is crucial to the digital economy. With cyber threats on the rise, India and ASEAN must work together to create secure digital ecosystems that can protect online transactions, personal data, and critical infrastructure. Collaborative efforts in building robust Cyber security frameworks and enhancing mutual trust in digital networks will ensure the sustainable growth of the digital economy in both regions.
Boosting Infrastructure Connectivity
Infrastructure development remains a cornerstone for strengthening India ASEAN ties. Although there have been efforts to improve connectivity, particularly through initiatives like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project, there is still significant untapped potential. Infrastructure connectivity is vital not just for trade, but also for enhancing people to people interactions, boosting tourism, and fostering broader regional integration.
One area where India and ASEAN can deepen cooperation is in transport and logistics infrastructure. While India’s northeastern states are well-positioned to act as gateways to Southeast Asia, road, rail, and port connectivity in the region remains underdeveloped. By investing in transport infrastructure, building efficient trade corridors, upgrading ports, and enhancing air connectivity, India and ASEAN can reduce trade costs and promote seamless movement of goods and services. The development of multi-modal transport systems can also help connect India’s landlocked northeastern states with ASEAN nations, opening up new avenues for economic exchange.
Furthermore, enhancing energy infrastructure through renewable energy projects presents significant opportunities. Both India and ASEAN are committed to addressing climate change and transitioning to clean energy sources. Collaborations in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can support both regions’ goals of achieving energy security and sustainability. Joint investments in energy grids, sharing technological innovations, and building cross-border energy networks will not only address domestic energy needs but will also foster greater economic and environmental resilience.
Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities of global supply chains. As the world looks to build more resilient and sustainable supply chains, India and ASEAN can play a pivotal role. Both regions have emerged as important global manufacturing hubs, and greater cooperation in this area could lead to the development of more robust, diversified, and flexible supply chains.
India, with its large manufacturing base, labor force, and skilled workforce, is well-positioned to complement ASEAN’s growing production capacity, particularly in electronics, automotive, and pharmaceuticals. By enhancing supply chain integration, India and ASEAN can reduce their reliance on other regions, especially China, and strengthen their position in global markets. This would also help mitigate risks from external shocks, such as pandemics, natural disasters, and trade disruptions. Investment in infrastructure, technology, and logistics will play a key role in improving the speed and efficiency of supply chains in both regions.
Emerging Sectors: Renewable Energy, Space Technology, and Health Diplomacy
Several emerging sectors present fresh avenues for India ASEAN cooperation, with the potential to redefine their economic, scientific, and geopolitical landscapes.
1. Renewable Energy: Both India and ASEAN are taking significant strides in addressing climate change and promoting renewable energy. India is a global leader in solar energy, while ASEAN is rich in untapped renewable resources, such as geothermal and hydroelectric power. Joint ventures, research, and development in clean energy technologies can lead to innovative solutions for the entire region, benefiting from shared expertise and resources.
2. Space Technology: India’s space program, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is internationally recognized for its cost-effective space missions and technological advancements. ASEAN countries, too, are increasingly investing in space technology for telecommunications, weather monitoring, and navigation. India and ASEAN can collaborate in satellite technology, space research, and innovation, sharing knowledge and creating joint programs for the peaceful use of outer space.
3. Health Diplomacy: The global health landscape is undergoing rapid transformation, with a focus on public health, disease prevention, and universal health coverage. India and ASEAN can join hands in advancing health diplomacy by sharing best practices in healthcare, conducting joint research, and tackling transnational health threats like pandemics and antibiotic resistance. India’s expertise in pharmaceuticals and vaccines, particularly its role as the world’s largest vaccine producer, offers tremendous opportunities to support ASEAN’s healthcare needs.
Strengthening Diplomatic Ties and Indo-Pacific Strategy
ASEAN’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific makes it a critical partner for India in achieving its vision of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. India’s diplomatic engagement with ASEAN has been increasingly focused on security, stability, and sustainable growth in the region. Strengthening ties with ASEAN will allow India to play a more prominent role in shaping the future security architecture of the Indo-Pacific, particularly with respect to maritime security, regional trade, and countering non-traditional threats like cybercrime and terrorism.
By leveraging ASEAN’s central role in regional governance structures such as the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), India can promote multilateral cooperation, encourage dialogue, and strengthen collective action on critical global issues.
The opportunities for India ASEAN cooperation are vast and multifaceted, extending across digital economies, infrastructure, supply chains, renewable energy, space technology, and health diplomacy. By deepening collaboration in these emerging sectors, India and ASEAN can not only bolster their bilateral ties but also play a leadership role in shaping the economic and security landscape of the Indo-Pacific. As both regions continue to evolve, their partnership offers tremendous potential for prosperity, stability, and sustainable development in the decades to come.
V. Future Directions
11. Deepening Economic Ties
India and ASEAN have made significant strides in deepening their economic ties over the past few decades, and there remain numerous opportunities to further enhance economic integration. By expanding trade agreements, reducing trade barriers, and strengthening supply chain linkages, both regions can unlock new opportunities for growth, innovation, and mutual prosperity. India’s active participation in ASEAN-driven economic frameworks, as well as embracing digital economy initiatives, will play a crucial role in fostering greater investment, enhancing competitiveness, and enabling sustainable development across the Indo-Pacific region.
Expanding Trade Agreements and Reducing Trade Barriers
One of the most direct and impactful ways to deepen economic ties between India and ASEAN is through the expansion of trade agreements. While the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has been in place since 2010, there is room for further growth in bilateral trade by refining and expanding existing agreements. Both sides can work on reducing trade barriers such as tariffs, customs delays, and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) that continue to hinder the smooth flow of goods and services.
A significant challenge remains in the form of non-tariff barriers such as product standards, licensing regulations, and customs procedures that vary across ASEAN countries. These barriers can result in inefficiencies, increased costs, and delays, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking to expand into new markets. To address this, both India and ASEAN should work towards harmonizing regulatory standards, simplifying customs procedures, and establishing mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for standards and certifications. By doing so, both regions will reduce friction in trade, enabling easier market access for businesses and consumers alike.
Additionally, there is significant potential to deepen trade in services. India has a competitive advantage in sectors such as information technology (IT), healthcare, education, and professional services. ASEAN countries, on the other hand, have vibrant markets for these services. Further liberalizing the services sector through trade agreements and frameworks will allow both regions to benefit from knowledge and expertise exchanges, thereby strengthening their service economies.
Enhancing Supply Chain Linkages
India and ASEAN share strong supply chain interlinkages, but there is significant untapped potential in strengthening these connections. Supply chain integration is vital for increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing overall competitiveness in both regions. India’s industrial base, combined with ASEAN’s growing consumer markets and manufacturing capabilities, provides a foundation for a more resilient, diversified, and flexible regional supply chain.
One of the key areas of opportunity lies in enhancing infrastructure to facilitate smoother movement of goods. India’s northeastern states, which act as a natural gateway to ASEAN, present a critical node for improving cross-border trade. Projects such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project aim to establish stronger physical connectivity and facilitate greater trade flows. Similarly, enhancing port facilities and logistics networks in India and ASEAN countries will reduce bottlenecks and enable quicker access to global markets.
The automotive, electronics, and textiles industries are areas where India and ASEAN can collaborate to strengthen supply chain linkages. India is a growing player in manufacturing and is increasingly becoming an attractive destination for companies looking to diversify their supply chains away from China. ASEAN countries, with their competitive labor costs, existing industrial capacity, and access to trade routes, are well-placed to complement India’s manufacturing strengths. Strengthening joint production and cross-border value chains in these sectors will not only boost trade but will also attract new foreign direct investment (FDI) into both regions.
India’s Participation in ASEAN-Driven Economic Frameworks
India has increasingly been engaging in ASEAN-driven economic frameworks, and its involvement in these regional initiatives will play a central role in fostering deeper economic ties. India’s participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations, despite its decision not to sign the agreement, highlights its commitment to regional integration and the broader Indo-Pacific economic architecture. Even without formal participation, India’s ongoing engagement with the RCEP process signals its willingness to enhance economic cooperation with ASEAN countries, especially in trade, investment, and technology.
Furthermore, India’s involvement in other ASEAN-led initiatives such as the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) enhances its economic integration with ASEAN by promoting multilateral cooperation. These frameworks allow India to contribute to shaping regional policies on trade, investment, infrastructure, and sustainable development, while also positioning itself as a key partner in the Indo-Pacific.
India’s Act East Policy, which focuses on improving relations with Southeast Asia, provides a strategic foundation for deeper economic collaboration. By aligning its economic priorities with ASEAN’s goals, particularly in areas like infrastructure development, digital economy, and sustainable growth, India can create win-win scenarios for both sides.
Digital Economy Initiatives and Innovation
As global economies continue to digitize, the digital economy has become an essential area of focus for both India and ASEAN. India, with its large and growing digital economy, and ASEAN, with its rapid adoption of digital technologies, are well-placed to collaborate on initiatives that drive innovation and foster economic growth. Digital trade, fintech, and blockchain technology are sectors where the two regions can cooperate to unlock new sources of investment and development.
India’s strengths in IT services, software development, and digital infrastructure can be leveraged to build digital ecosystems in ASEAN countries. Initiatives such as smart cities, e-commerce, digital payments, and cloud computing can benefit from closer cooperation, with India offering expertise in technology development and ASEAN countries offering a vibrant, growing market. Both regions can share knowledge and best practices on topics such as data security, privacy protection, and the regulation of digital platforms, ensuring that the benefits of the digital economy are shared equitably across both regions.
In particular, ASEAN’s young and tech-savvy population offers vast potential for digital innovation, which India can tap into. Joint initiatives to promote start-ups, venture capital, and research and development in digital technologies can foster a culture of innovation, leading to greater economic diversification in both India and ASEAN.
To truly deepen economic ties, India and ASEAN must focus on expanding trade agreements, reducing trade barriers, and enhancing supply chain linkages. India’s active participation in ASEAN-driven economic frameworks, coupled with initiatives in the digital economy, can help unlock new opportunities for investment, innovation, and growth. By working together to address infrastructure gaps, streamline regulatory processes, and embrace new technologies, both regions can create a more connected, resilient, and prosperous economic partnership that benefits businesses, consumers, and governments alike. The economic collaboration between India and ASEAN is poised to play a central role in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific, driving sustainable development, and promoting regional stability.
12. Enhancing Security Cooperation
Strengthening security cooperation between India and ASEAN is essential to maintaining regional stability and addressing a wide range of security challenges in the Indo-Pacific. As the region becomes increasingly important in global geopolitics, the need for effective collaboration in maritime security, counterterrorism, cyber defense, and emerging security threats is paramount. India’s role in enhancing regional security, coupled with ASEAN’s strategic position, presents a valuable opportunity to address both traditional and non-traditional security challenges while fostering deeper defense ties.
Strengthening Maritime Security
The Indo-Pacific region, which includes both India and ASEAN, is home to some of the world’s most vital sea lanes, with nearly one-third of global maritime trade passing through this area. As a result, maritime security is one of the most critical aspects of India ASEAN security cooperation. Both regions share common concerns regarding freedom of navigation, piracy, illegal fishing, and territorial disputes, particularly in the South China Sea.
India’s growing naval capabilities, combined with ASEAN’s regional interests in safeguarding sea lanes, provide a foundation for greater maritime collaboration. India and ASEAN have engaged in joint naval exercises such as the SIMBEX (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise), which serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, strengthening operational cooperation, and improving interoperability between the naval forces of India and ASEAN countries. Expanding such exercises across the region will enhance coordination and mutual understanding, strengthening the ability of both India and ASEAN to respond to maritime threats and maintain a secure maritime environment.
Additionally, joint efforts in intelligence sharing are crucial for tackling maritime security threats such as piracy and human trafficking. By enhancing information sharing mechanisms and coordinating patrols, India and ASEAN can create a more integrated and responsive security framework in the maritime domain. Establishing a regional maritime surveillance network would enable both parties to monitor shipping lanes, provide early warnings, and ensure swift responses to emerging threats, such as maritime terrorism and piracy.
Cyber Defense Cooperation
As the world becomes increasingly connected, Cyber security is emerging as a key area of focus for India ASEAN security cooperation. Both India and ASEAN countries face significant challenges related to cyber attacks, data breaches, and digital espionage. Cyber threats can disrupt critical infrastructure, destabilize economies, and undermine national security. In this context, cyber defense cooperation is essential for protecting the integrity of digital systems and ensuring regional stability.
India, with its growing expertise in information technology and Cyber security, can contribute significantly to ASEAN’s efforts in strengthening its cyber defense capabilities. One way to enhance cooperation is through joint Cyber security training programs and the establishment of cyber defense centers that promote collaboration on best practices, threat intelligence, and the development of regional cyber norms. Moreover, strengthening Cyber security legislation and fostering the adoption of common Cyber security frameworks can help prevent cyber attacks and promote cyber resilience across the region.
India and ASEAN can also focus on developing secure cyber infrastructure to protect critical sectors such as finance, telecommunications, and defense. By investing in Cyber security research and development and establishing regional Cyber security frameworks, the two regions can ensure a robust and secure digital ecosystem, which is essential for economic growth and national security.
Emerging Security Challenges
As traditional security concerns evolve, both India and ASEAN must also address emerging security challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and terrorism. These non-traditional security threats can have far-reaching implications for regional stability and economic growth.
Climate change, for example, poses significant risks to both India and ASEAN in the form of rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource scarcity. This will exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, particularly for small island nations in ASEAN and coastal regions in India. By collaborating on disaster response mechanisms, climate change adaptation, and environmental security, India and ASEAN can build resilience and address the root causes of these challenges together.
In terms of counterterrorism, both India and ASEAN face the threat of terrorist organizations operating across borders. Strengthening intelligence-sharing frameworks and conducting joint counterterrorism operations will enhance the ability of both India and ASEAN to disrupt terrorist activities, particularly in southeast Asia where cross-border terrorism is a significant concern. Cooperation through platforms such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the East Asia Summit (EAS) will be instrumental in coordinating efforts and sharing information related to terrorism and violent extremism.
India’s Defense Exports and Strategic Collaborations
India has increasingly become an important defense exporter to ASEAN nations, providing a range of defense technologies and military equipment. India’s defense exports to ASEAN countries include naval systems, radars, missiles, and aerospace technologies, all of which contribute to enhancing the defense capabilities of ASEAN member states. By promoting defense industrial cooperation, India can help ASEAN countries modernize their military forces and improve regional security infrastructure.
India’s growing defense collaborations with ASEAN countries also extend to areas such as joint training, technology transfers, and military exercises. These collaborations not only enhance interoperability between the armed forces of India and ASEAN but also facilitate the sharing of best practices and promote deeper defense ties.
Moreover, India’s strong defense partnerships with ASEAN members, such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Singapore, help bolster regional stability in the face of evolving security dynamics, particularly regarding the South China Sea and maritime freedom of navigation.
Enhancing security cooperation between India and ASEAN is essential for addressing both traditional and non-traditional security challenges in the Indo-Pacific. Through strengthened maritime security, enhanced cyber defense cooperation, and joint efforts to tackle emerging threats such as terrorism and climate change, both regions can build a more secure and resilient Indo-Pacific. India’s defense exports and strategic collaborations with ASEAN countries will further bolster regional security and stability, allowing both regions to work together towards a more peaceful and prosperous future. As India and ASEAN continue to deepen their defense ties, they will not only safeguard their collective interests but also contribute to the broader goal of maintaining a rules based international order in the Indo-Pacific.
13. Promoting Cultural and People to people Ties
Promoting cultural and people to people ties between India and ASEAN is a cornerstone of strengthening the broader bilateral relationship. These ties play a crucial role in fostering understanding, empathy, and cooperation at the grassroots level. As India and ASEAN continue to expand their strategic, economic, and political collaborations, it is equally important to invest in cultural exchanges and enhance socio-cultural bonds. This initiative will create a deeper connection between the peoples of the two regions, facilitating mutual respect, trust, and long term engagement.
Enhanced Academic Exchanges
Academic exchanges between India and ASEAN can serve as a foundation for fostering intellectual cooperation and cross-cultural understanding. Over the years, both India and ASEAN have made considerable strides in facilitating student and faculty exchanges, research collaborations, and educational initiatives. These academic partnerships promote greater awareness of each other’s societies, histories, and traditions, paving the way for future generations to build lasting connections.
Programs such as scholarships and student exchange schemes can significantly enhance the mobility of students between India and ASEAN countries. India, home to some of the world’s most prestigious educational institutions, can offer opportunities for ASEAN students to study in fields ranging from technology and engineering to arts and humanities. Conversely, ASEAN countries can provide Indian students with invaluable exposure to regional languages, cultures, and political dynamics.
Beyond student exchanges, faculty collaborations and joint research programs can further strengthen the academic ties between India and ASEAN. Collaborative research in areas such as sustainable development, public health, climate change, and technology innovation would not only benefit both regions but also contribute to addressing global challenges. This intellectual exchange helps build mutual respect and creates avenues for cooperation on pressing global issues.
Tourism Promotion
Tourism is one of the most effective ways to build people to people connections. India and ASEAN countries have a rich historical and cultural heritage that draws millions of tourists annually. Tourism promotion can be a catalyst for deeper socio-cultural exchanges and economic growth. Encouraging greater mobility between India and ASEAN nations can enrich the experiences of tourists, while promoting mutual understanding and respect.
One of the ways to achieve this is through tourism campaigns that highlight the cultural diversity, natural beauty, and historical significance of both regions. India, with its ancient temples, heritage sites, and vibrant cultural traditions, can attract tourists from ASEAN, while India’s diverse population, religious history, and rich cultural festivals offer a fascinating exploration for ASEAN visitors.
ASEAN countries, with their tropical beaches, rich biodiversity, and ancient temples, offer numerous travel opportunities for Indian tourists. Facilitating easier visa policies, increasing air connectivity, and encouraging tourism-related infrastructure development will allow people to people engagement to flourish. Special initiatives such as tourist packages, cross-border travel programs, and cultural festivals can further encourage this exchange. Increased tourism, in turn, will contribute to the economic and cultural growth of both regions.
Joint Cultural Initiatives
Cultural diplomacy plays a central role in deepening people to people ties. India and ASEAN have shared cultural and historical ties that date back centuries, particularly through the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism across Southeast Asia. Promoting joint cultural initiatives such as festivals, art exhibitions, and music performances can significantly enhance cultural exchange and understanding.
Festivals such as Diwali, Songkran, and Lunar New Year, celebrated across both India and ASEAN countries, provide opportunities to celebrate shared values and traditions. Cultural diplomacy initiatives like the India ASEAN Cultural Festival, featuring traditional dance forms, musical performances, art exhibitions, and culinary exchanges, will allow citizens from both regions to interact and showcase their cultural heritage.
Moreover, promoting art and film exchanges can create avenues for creativity and storytelling, showcasing the diversity and richness of both cultures. The vibrant Indian film industry (Bollywood) has a strong following in many ASEAN countries, while ASEAN countries boast rich film traditions that can be introduced to Indian audiences. Joint film festivals and media collaborations can further promote mutual understanding and appreciation of cultural nuances.
Encouraging Digital Connectivity and Mobility
In the 21st century, digital connectivity has become a pivotal tool for fostering people to people engagement. Initiatives that encourage virtual exchanges, online platforms, and digital storytelling can bring students, professionals, and cultural enthusiasts together in ways that transcend geographical boundaries. India and ASEAN countries can collaborate on creating online educational platforms, virtual cultural exchanges, and digital art exhibitions, making it easier for people from both regions to connect and engage in meaningful conversations.
Social media platforms, digital forums, and virtual collaborations can be leveraged to share cultural content, organize live performances, and host online cultural dialogues. These platforms can also serve as resources for students, scholars, and businesses to share knowledge, build networks, and collaborate on various projects. Encouraging student mobility programs and virtual internships can offer young people the chance to gain cross-cultural exposure, fostering a sense of global citizenship and partnership.
Strengthening Long term Engagement
People to people ties between India and ASEAN will be built not only through formal exchanges but also through long term efforts that nurture cross-cultural empathy. Establishing alumni networks for students who have studied abroad, creating community centers for cultural exchange, and promoting initiatives like joint volunteer programs will ensure sustained engagement between the people of India and ASEAN.
Moreover, regional events such as youth forums, workshops, and academic conferences can bring together young leaders, students, and professionals to discuss shared interests, exchange ideas, and work toward common goals. These platforms will help in creating a generation of leaders who are equipped with a deep understanding of both regions and who are committed to fostering long lasting friendships and cooperation.
Promoting cultural and people to people ties between India and ASEAN is essential for ensuring a robust and comprehensive partnership. By enhancing academic exchanges, promoting tourism, and facilitating joint cultural initiatives, India and ASEAN can deepen their socio-cultural bonds. The integration of digital connectivity and student mobility will ensure that people to people ties are strengthened for the long term. These initiatives will not only enrich the lives of individuals but also contribute to the creation of a more interconnected, peaceful, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region. Through these efforts, both India and ASEAN can lay the foundation for stronger cooperation, mutual respect, and enduring partnerships in the future.
VI. Abstract
14. The Path
India’s strategic partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) represents a critical element in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific region. Rooted in deep historical ties, this partnership has evolved into a multifaceted relationship, encompassing economic, security, and cultural cooperation. The convergence of India’s growing regional influence and ASEAN’s centrality in regional diplomacy has forged a strong bond that is pivotal for ensuring regional stability, promoting economic growth, and enhancing cultural exchanges. As both regions face complex geopolitical challenges and emerging global threats, strengthening this strategic alliance will not only benefit India and ASEAN but also contribute to the peace, stability, and prosperity of the broader Indo-Pacific.
Regional Stability and Geopolitical Significance
In an era of shifting global power dynamics, the Indo-Pacific has emerged as a focal point for both regional and global security. India’s engagement with ASEAN is instrumental in maintaining a rules based international order in the face of rising geopolitical uncertainties. India’s strong support for ASEAN-led regional frameworks such as the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) underscores its commitment to multilateral diplomacy. These platforms enable the exchange of ideas, solutions, and diplomatic approaches to pressing security issues such as maritime security, counter-terrorism, and Cyber security.
The growing assertiveness of China in the South China Sea and the broader Indo-Pacific has prompted both India and ASEAN to prioritize strengthening their defense and security cooperation. Through joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and participation in maritime security operations, India and ASEAN have made significant strides in promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific. India’s growing naval presence and its active participation in regional security initiatives ensure that the strategic balance in the region remains intact, and that maritime trade routes, vital for global commerce, remain secure.
Furthermore, India’s engagement in promoting the Indo-Pacific concept aligns with ASEAN’s desire for a more inclusive and peaceful regional order, free from coercion and conflict. By contributing to security dialogues and initiatives, India not only reinforces its role as a responsible global power but also strengthens ASEAN’s capacity to address the challenges it faces from both regional and extra-regional powers.
Economic Growth and Connectivity
On the economic front, the India ASEAN partnership has seen remarkable growth, particularly since the establishment of the India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The bilateral trade between India and ASEAN exceeded $110 billion in 2022, with the ambition to reach $200 billion by 2025. This growing economic cooperation is driven by a shared interest in enhancing connectivity, deepening trade, and expanding investment. Initiatives such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project have enhanced physical connectivity, facilitating the movement of goods and services across borders. These projects not only benefit India and ASEAN but also serve as crucial links for enhancing the broader regional integration of South and Southeast Asia.
In addition to traditional sectors such as trade and investment, there is increasing cooperation in emerging areas such as digital economies, renewable energy, and green technologies. By focusing on fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology transfer, India and ASEAN can work towards a more diversified and sustainable economic future. Digital economy initiatives, such as fintech collaboration and e-commerce, offer enormous potential for accelerating trade and services, particularly as both regions continue to see rapid technological advancements.
The continued success of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), though India chose not to sign the agreement, demonstrates the region’s commitment to multilateral economic cooperation. India’s participation in RCEP-related dialogues, even without full membership, reflects its strategic intent to be an integral part of ASEAN’s evolving economic framework. This indicates a shared vision for a stable, integrated, and resilient economic environment that benefits all stakeholders.
Cultural Exchange and People to people Ties
Cultural and people to people ties are often the overlooked but indispensable part of any strategic partnership. The centuries-old historical connections between India and Southeast Asia through the spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and trade have laid the foundation for a rich cultural exchange. Today, cultural diplomacy continues to play a vital role in reinforcing these ancient bonds. Initiatives such as student exchanges, tourism promotions, and joint cultural festivals enhance mutual understanding and appreciation between the peoples of India and ASEAN.
The Nalanda University project, scholarships for ASEAN students, and increasing student mobility programs contribute to the educational and cultural exchange between the two regions. Tourism plays a similar role in connecting people and fostering deeper interpersonal ties, as both regions share a wealth of cultural heritage and natural beauty. By facilitating tourist exchanges, digital platforms for cultural exchange, and collaborative artistic endeavors, India and ASEAN can build enduring relationships that go beyond the political and economic spheres.
A Shared Vision for the Future
As India and ASEAN continue to deepen their strategic partnership, they must focus on sustaining and expanding the momentum achieved over the past decades. The challenges of the 21st century, ranging from climate change and economic volatility to cyber threats and geopolitical instability, require enhanced collaboration and adaptive strategies. India’s role as a regional leader, coupled with ASEAN’s central position in regional architecture, offers a unique opportunity to collectively shape the future of the Indo-Pacific region.
The partnership between India and ASEAN is not just about addressing current challenges but about co-creating a future of shared prosperity, peace, and security. By enhancing economic cooperation, security partnerships, and cultural exchanges, India and ASEAN can ensure that the Indo-Pacific remains a stable, resilient, and inclusive region that benefits not only their peoples but the entire world. This partnership is, therefore, integral not only to the future of India and ASEAN but also to the broader global order in the years to come.
15. Recommendations
India’s partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has evolved into a cornerstone of regional diplomacy, facilitating cooperation in a variety of critical areas, including economics, security, and cultural exchanges. However, to ensure the continued success and deepening of this strategic relationship, several steps should be taken by policymakers in both India and ASEAN member states. These recommendations focus on enhancing economic integration, streamlining connectivity projects, and boosting defense collaboration, while also promoting people to people ties and leveraging ASEAN’s central role in the Indo-Pacific. Together, these measures will further solidify this critical partnership and contribute to regional stability, prosperity, and security.
a. Enhancing Economic Integration
The economic ties between India and ASEAN are already robust, but further integration can accelerate mutual growth. India’s trade with ASEAN reached $110 billion in 2022, and with an ambitious goal to double this figure by 2025, deeper economic collaboration is crucial. The India ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA) provides a solid foundation, but to fully unlock its potential, policymakers should focus on reducing non-tariff barriers, harmonizing trade regulations, and simplifying customs procedures. This would facilitate smoother trade flows and reduce the cost of doing business across borders.
In addition to improving traditional trade, both regions should prioritize the digital economy and green technologies as emerging sectors for collaboration. E-commerce, fintech, and smart manufacturing could become key areas of cooperation. For example, creating a common digital market could open doors to enhanced cross-border data flow, digital trade, and investment in startups and innovation ecosystems. Further, by jointly working on renewable energy and sustainability projects, India and ASEAN can lead global efforts to transition to a low-carbon economy, creating new avenues for growth while also addressing climate challenges.
Policymakers should also look at investment facilitation as a means of enhancing economic ties. Encouraging cross-border investments, particularly in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors, could stimulate job creation and technological advancement, benefitting both India and ASEAN economies.
b. Streamlining Connectivity Projects
One of the primary challenges facing the India ASEAN relationship is the slow pace of connectivity projects, which are crucial for trade and people to people exchanges. Initiatives such as the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project are vital to improving physical connectivity, but they have often faced delays due to bureaucratic hurdles and funding issues.
To overcome these challenges, political will must be translated into tangible action. Both India and ASEAN member states should prioritize these projects and ensure better coordination among ministries, regional stakeholders, and infrastructure developers. Additionally, engaging private sector participation in these projects could help overcome financial constraints and bring innovation to the planning and execution stages.
The development of smart cities, better transport networks, and logistics infrastructure within the framework of India ASEAN cooperation can significantly enhance trade routes and facilitate the movement of people and goods. Connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia through a well-integrated infrastructure network will help both regions unlock their full economic potential.
c. Boosting Defense Collaboration
Given the evolving security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly with the growing assertiveness of China in the South China Sea, defense collaboration between India and ASEAN must be deepened. Joint maritime security exercises, such as SIMBEX (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise), should be expanded to include more ASEAN members, thereby increasing coordination in securing vital sea lanes. Additionally, India could share its defense technology and intelligence capabilities with ASEAN countries, especially in areas related to counterterrorism, cyber defense, and anti-piracy operations.
India’s participation in ASEAN-led defense forums like the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) and the East Asia Summit (EAS) provides opportunities for dialogue and cooperation. Expanding these platforms to include more joint training programs and security dialogues can lead to more synchronized responses to regional security threats.
Moreover, defense collaboration should also involve strengthening regional Cyber security efforts. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the two regions can collaborate on building resilient cyber infrastructures and sharing best practices to safeguard against potential cyberattacks.
d. Expanding People to people Ties
While economic and security cooperation are crucial, people to people connections serve as the foundation for long term, sustainable partnerships. To enhance these ties, India and ASEAN should promote academic exchanges and scholarships, facilitating the flow of students, scholars, and professionals between the regions. Encouraging student mobility will not only build a better understanding of each other’s cultures but will also create a new generation of leaders with a deep understanding of India ASEAN relations.
In addition to education, tourism plays a pivotal role in strengthening people to people ties. Both India and ASEAN should focus on promoting tourism by creating cultural festivals, exchange programs, and tourism corridors that highlight the shared heritage between India and Southeast Asia. Enhanced visa facilitation for tourism and business travelers can also boost this sector.
Digital connectivity should also be leveraged for cultural exchanges, where virtual events, online workshops, and digital art showcases can bridge geographical distances. The digital era offers a wealth of opportunities to bring together people from diverse backgrounds, deepening mutual understanding.
e. Leveraging ASEAN’s Central Role in the Indo-Pacific
Finally, India should continue to leverage ASEAN’s central role in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific. ASEAN’s ability to navigate complex geopolitical challenges, maintain regional stability, and promote economic integration makes it an indispensable partner for India. By strengthening its diplomatic and strategic ties with ASEAN, India can contribute to ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. As both India and ASEAN face common challenges, ranging from security issues to environmental concerns, an increasingly united voice in international forums will enhance their influence on the global stage.
To solidify the India ASEAN relationship, it is crucial to focus on tangible outcomes in key areas such as economic integration, connectivity, defense collaboration, and people to people exchanges. With both regions facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities, strategic actions now will ensure that this partnership evolves into one that shapes a peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable future for the entire Indo-Pacific region. By following these recommendations, India and ASEAN can build on their strong foundation and emerge as central players in the dynamic global order of the 21st century.
